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                <text>During the thirteenth century some people felt that monasteries had become too wealthy. In response new religious orders of friars were created. The friars were committed to extreme poverty and earned much of their income from begging. Unlike many monks who shut themselves away from society, the friars spent a lot of time out in the world preaching and supporting the poor. The Franciscans (founded by St Francis) and the Dominicans (founded by St Dominic) were two of the largest orders of friars. The Franciscans and Dominicans seem to have arrived in Scotland in the thirteenth century. The first evidence for the friars in Fife comes from the founding of a Dominican friary at Cupar in 1348. Further Dominican houses were established at St Monans and St Andrews. The Franciscans set up communities at Inverkeithing and St Andrews.</text>
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                <text>The origins of the close connection between St Andrew and the people of Scotland go back into the early Middle Ages. However, during the wars between Scotland and England in the 1290s and 1300s a particular emphasis was placed on St Andrew’s role as a protector of the Scots. In 1320, the famous letter known as the Declaration of Arbroath referred to St Andrew as the ‘patron for ever’ of the Scottish people. At this time St Andrews Cathedral was increasingly portrayed as a symbol of the Scottish nation.</text>
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                <text>Queen Margaret (the wife of Malcolm III) seems to have been regarded as a saint by the residents of Fife soon after her death in 1093. Miracles were recorded at Margaret’s tomb in Dunfermline in the twelfth and early thirteenth century. Margaret was formally canonised by Pope Innocent IV in 1250 following a long campaign supported by the Scottish and English kings.</text>
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                <text>In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council officially declared the Roman Catholic Church’s belief in the doctrine of purgatory. This was the idea that most people did not proceed directly to heaven when they died, but spent time in an unpleasant waiting area where they suffered and were purged of their sins. To lessen the time a soul spent in purgatory it was important to lead a good life, sincerely confess sins, and have prayers and masses said after death. In the late Middle Ages a number of churches in Fife were adapted to make space for more altars where chaplains could perform masses and prayers for the dead. Most ranks of Scottish society from kings down to craftsmen invested in prayers for the souls of the dead.</text>
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            <name>License</name>
            <description>A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>The tower of the old parish church of St Michael at Cupar. St Michael&amp;rsquo;s was one of the many churches rebuilt in Fife during the late Middle Ages, partly to make space for more chapels and side altars for masses for the dead. (Credit: Jim Bain / Wikimedia)</text>
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                <text>In the 1160s work began on a grand new cathedral at St Andrews (to replace the smaller church now known as St Rule’s which was then in use). The new cathedral was the largest roofed space constructed in Scotland in the Middle Ages. It took more than 150 years to build, and was eventually consecrated in 1318. The consecration ceremony (when it was officially blessed) was attended by King Robert the Bruce.</text>
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                <text>Reconstruction of St Andrews Cathedral in 1318. The older church of St Rule can be seen on the right. (Credit: Open Virtual Worlds / University of St Andrews)</text>
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                <text>The Forth Bridge seen from the air near North Queensferry. The Victorian railway bridge crosses the Forth close to the route of Queen Margaret&amp;rsquo;s historic ferry. (Credit: Open Virtual Worlds / University of St Andrews)</text>
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            <description>A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.</description>
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                <text>St Oran's Chapel on the island of Iona. (Credit: Libasstref / Wikimedia)</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>St Andrews was an important religious centre from an early date. There seems to have already been a monastery here in 747 when the death of the abbot Tuathalán was recorded. The spectacular stone monument known as the St Andrews sarcophagus probably also dates from the eighth century. Its carvings show similarities with religious art from Continental Europe.</text>
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                <text>University of St Andrews</text>
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                <text>The seventh and eighth centuries saw increasing conversion of the Picts (who then inhabited Fife and much of Scotland north of the Forth). Missionaries seem to have come from the island of Iona in the west, and from the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria in the south.</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                <text>In May 1930 Dysart House, first built in 1756, was sold to Mrs Elsa af Wetterstedt Mitchell, and a month later she gifted it to the trustees for the Sisters of the Carmelite Community.  They established a closed community with room for 24 nuns. The nuns belong to the order known as the Discalced or Teresian Carmelites, who were formed in the sixteenth century by St Teresa of Avila. The convent is dedicated to St Thérèse of Lisieux, a Carmelite nun who died in 1897. In the 1980s it became an Infirmary Carmel, dedicated to caring for sick and older nuns of the order. Mass and other services are now held in the convent for members of the public.</text>
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                <text>The Anti-Burgher Congregation in Dysart was formed in 1747. In the early years they met in an old barn before constructing their own church in 1763 at a cost of £100. It was capable of sitting 795. It was located in Pathhead, which, although now in Kirkcaldy, was in the parish of Dysart at the time. In 1820 the minister of the Anti-Burgher Church, Thomas Gray, opposed the union with the Burgher’s, losing around 2/5 of his congregation in the process to the new Union Church in Kirkcaldy. In 1845 his church was one of the two dissenting chapels in the parish noted by David Murray, the minister of the new Barony Church. He estimated they had a combined congregation of 800-900. In 1852 the congregation voted by a majority of 40 to 6 to merge with the Free Church, after which they became known as Dunnikier Free Church. In 1901 the church was sold and the congregation moved to a new building on Dunnikier Road. The church was demolished in 1967.</text>
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                <text>(1)	Robert Small, The History of the Congregations of the United Presbyterian Church 1733-1900 (Edinburgh, 1904),ii, 357-59</text>
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                <text>A congregation belonging to the Relief Church was founded in Dysart sometime in the 1760s. In 1772 they opened their own church, which later became known as the Auld House, in a former malt barn on Relief Street. It cost £600 and was capable of sitting 650 people. In 1847 the congregation joined the United Presbyterian Church. By 1867 they had outgrown the Auld House and moved to a new church on Normand Road at a cost of £2600. The old building was sold and turned into a handloom factory. In 1900 the UP Church joined with the Free Church to become the United Free Church, and in 1929, when most United Free congregations rejoined the Church of Scotland, they chose to remain independent. The church closed in 2009 and was sold in 2014. </text>
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                <text>(1)	Robert Small, The History of the Congregations of the United Presbyterian Church 1733-1900 (Edinburgh, 1904), ii, 384-386.</text>
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                <text>A chapel dedicated to St Denis/Denys, one of the patron saints of France, is thought to have been located at Pan Ha' in Dysart.  Writing in 1794, George Muirhead noted the local tradition that the chapel had been part of a Dominican Friary. Cowan and Easson concluded that there is no reliable evidence there was ever a Dominican house in Dysart, although it has been speculated that they owned property in the town. The ruins of the building were converted into a forge shortly before 1794, and an Ordnance Survey of 1954 found some old walls, but no remains of a chapel. There is no firm evidence for the chapel’s existence, with the earliest references dating to the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.</text>
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                <text>(1)	Ian B Cowan and David E. Easson, Medieval religious houses in Scotland: with an appendix on the houses in the Isle of Man (London, 1976), p. 122&#13;
(2)	Jim Swan &amp; Carol McNeill, Dysart, A Royal Burgh (Dysart, 1997),&#13;
(3)	William Muir, ed, Notices of the Local Records of Dysart (Glasgow: Maitland Club 1853),&#13;
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                <text>1780 drawing of the chapel. (Source: Anne Watters, Kirkcaldy's Churches: Brief Histories)</text>
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          <element elementId="64">
            <name>License</name>
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                <text>St Serf&amp;rsquo;s Tower and the Pan Ha (Source: Creative Commons) </text>
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(2)	Richard Fawcett, ‘Anstruther’, Corpus of Scottish Medieval Parish Churches, Accessed 14 March 2021, http://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/corpusofscottishchurches/site.php?id=158382&#13;
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